The effect of language contact on compound formation in Efik language in Calabar
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Background of the study
Efik, spoken in Calabar, exhibits a rich morphological system in which compound formation plays a vital role. Language contact, resulting from interactions with English and neighboring Nigerian languages, has led to notable changes in Efik compound formation. Traditional compounds in Efik, which have long been used to encapsulate complex cultural concepts, are increasingly being influenced by external linguistic elements (Edet, 2023). This study explores how language contact affects the structure, frequency, and semantic properties of compound words in Efik. Field data from community interactions and media broadcasts reveal that bilingual speakers often blend indigenous and borrowed elements, leading to hybrid compound forms. These innovations may enhance communicative efficiency but also risk diluting traditional morphological integrity (Okon, 2024). By systematically analyzing spoken and written Efik, this research aims to trace the evolution of compound formation under the pressure of language contact and determine its implications for cultural continuity and language identity (Udo, 2025).
Statement of the problem
Although compound formation is central to Efik morphology, there is limited research on how language contact influences this process. Anecdotal evidence suggests that interaction with English and other regional languages alters traditional compound structures, yet comprehensive empirical studies are lacking (Edet, 2023). This research gap complicates efforts to document and preserve Efik’s unique compound forms, which are integral to its cultural expression. Without a detailed understanding of these contact-induced changes, language educators and policymakers cannot effectively address potential threats to linguistic heritage (Okon, 2024).
Objectives of the study:
To document compound formation patterns in Efik.
To analyze the influence of language contact on these patterns.
To evaluate the impact on semantic and cultural expression.
Research questions:
What are the traditional compound formation patterns in Efik?
How does language contact alter these compounds?
What are the implications for Efik’s cultural identity?
Research Hypotheses:
Language contact significantly modifies compound formation in Efik.
Hybrid compounds reflect both indigenous and borrowed elements.
These changes impact the cultural expression of Efik.
Significance of the study:
This study sheds light on the interplay between language contact and compound formation in Efik, offering valuable insights for cultural preservation and language planning. Its findings will inform educators and policymakers on balancing innovation with tradition (Edet, 2023; Udo, 2025).
Scope and limitations of the study:
The study focuses solely on compound formation in Efik within Calabar and does not extend to other morphological processes.
Definitions of terms:
Compound Formation: The process of combining words to create new lexical items.
Language Contact: Interaction between speakers of different languages.
Efik: An indigenous language spoken in Calabar, Nigeria.
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